Tag: Preaching

Wanted: A Congregation, Part 1f: Second Only to Blood

by Ronald R Johnson

From the first installment of Douglas’s series, “Wanted — A Congregation!” in the 8/5/1920 issue of The Christian Century.

[This is from Part 1 of Lloyd C. Douglas, “Wanted — A Congregation!” This first installment was in the August 5, 1920, issue of The Christian Century. I am continuing where I left off in my most recent post. He’s talking about a minister who has decided to enlarge his audience.]

“Our friend must be equally on guard now that he does not become so infatuated with the preparation of his sermon that he neglects the other important features of his campaign for a crowd. Much remains to be done. So far, he has lined up his active congregation. He has won the support of his ‘prospectives’ for this particular Sunday morning’s service. And he has a sermon under construction. This is only part of the process. The general public must be given to understand that there is an attraction in the gospel he preaches. How does one reach the public?

“Next to human blood, ink is the most redemptive chemical in the world. Let the preacher keep this in mind. More Americans form their opinions from the public press than by any other process. The minister who draws himself up haughtily, muttering his distaste of what he dubs ‘newspaper notoriety’ has boxed himself in from active contact with the people at the one place of all places where he is sure of access to them.

“The editor of the daily newspaper – (At this point, the editor of this paper is reaching for the axe. He says that no one man is permitted to monopolize all of the talk. Not if he can help it.)

“It still remains for us to discuss the further processes by which our anxious friend, the minister-without-a-congregation, is to recruit a crowd, and preach to it with a new kind of fervor, and thrill it to its fingertips, and touch it with the contagion of his faith until it wants to come back – again and again – provided he really has a message to deliver!

“No amount of campaigning, calling, writing, advertising, is going to result in a permanent gain unless he is able to deliver a message touched with the breath of the Holy Spirit.

“This is no wild dream that we are talking about. The best proof that this thing can be done is the fact that it has been done. Not always is it attended with the same degree of success: sometimes a hundred-fold, sometimes sixty, sometimes thirty. Most discouraged preachers will probably feel that is they could only multiply what they have at present by so little as thirty, it would be good business.”

[In my next post, I’ll tell you about the second installment in the series, “Wanted – A Congregation!”]

Wanted: A Congregation, Part 1e: But the Sermon

by Ronald R Johnson

From the first installment of Douglas’s series, “Wanted — A Congregation!” in the 8/5/1920 issue of The Christian Century.

[This is from Part 1 of Lloyd C. Douglas, “Wanted — A Congregation!” This first installment was in the August 5, 1920, issue of The Christian Century. I am continuing where I left off in my most recent post.]

“All this time, while the minister is planning to gain access to a crowd on this strategic October third, he must never lose consciousness of the fact that he must make the most of that wonderful opportunity when it arrives. If he is a very, very poor psychologist, he will decide to say in his introduction, ‘It gives us a thrill of joy to see such a large congregation with us today. Customarily, this is a lonely place on Sunday. You might have been surprised at the echoes which caromed back and forth from these hallowed walls only last Lord’s Day,’ etc.

“Such a method of greeting his great opportunity would be very like the psychology practiced by the shop which announced, on a large placard placed beside the display of a modish gown: This is the only thing in the store worth looking at. We have put it out in front to bait you inside; but, in solemn truth, the rest of our stuff is awful.

“No mention need be made by the minister in his sermon that this is a red-letter day in his church. There is no reason why he should waste his time saying it, especially since it would be such a stupid remark to make – if he wishes to retain that crowd and draw a larger one. No, he must plan his sermon as if accustomed every Sunday to a throng that elbowed and pushed and jostled to get inside the front lobby.

“Again – let him not commit the indiscretion of scolding his crowd for failure to attend church services regularly. These people may possibly be induced to return another day if they are attracted to the message. They are not going to be attracted by abuse, either explicit or implied.

“That sermon ought, somehow and somewhere, to touch human life with hope, cheer, faith, optimism, and engender a longing to hear more of this gospel. It should be replete with incident. A whimsical phrase – even if smile-provoking – need not be tossed out of the sermon if it demands admission. It’s a very sick and sour gospel that will not permit the disciples to smile now and again.

“Day and night, that sermon is being built in our minister’s mind and heart. Every time he throws some fresh fuel on the fire of his campaign for a congregation, he hurries back to his study to work on that wonderful sermon. Early morning finds him gazing, unseeingly, out at his eastern window – his pulse pounding in his temples, his fingernails biting deeply into his palms – as he contemplates the message that has taken full possession of his soul. That message is going to be worthy of his office and his opportunity! As he considers it, he wonders how he could have won the consent of his own mind to preach so dully, so listlessly, so dispassionately, upon such themes.”

[To be continued in my next post…]

Wanted: A Congregation, Part 1d: Keep Your Eye on the Ball

by Ronald R Johnson

From the first installment of Douglas’s series, “Wanted — A Congregation!” in the 8/5/1920 issue of The Christian Century.

[This is from Part 1 of Lloyd C. Douglas, “Wanted — A Congregation!” This first installment was in the August 5, 1920, issue of The Christian Century. I am continuing where I left off in my most recent post. Douglas is talking about a minister who has decided to enlarge his audience.]

“At this point the minister is going to be tempted to spoil the whole scheme by listening to well-meaning counselors who feel that if a spoonful is helpful, the entire bottle should be taken at a gulp. He is going to be advised by the Sunday School superintendent that since October third is to be such a big day, it would be well to put on a general renaissance in that department also, on the specified date. The president of the Young People’s Society sees, in this scheme, a chance to ride through to a larger success in her department. All the auxiliary societies will want to use the campaign for a truck to haul their affairs into more prominence. To each and all, the minister will say, ‘No!’ And again, ‘No! Not by a jugful!’

“Here looms up another example of the wretched psychology that is practiced by churches. Consider the show window at the best store in town and be wise. Is it full to the very eaves with hats, caps, boots, shoes, furnishing goods, gowns, perambulators, parasols, and washtubs? It is not. The display is concentrated upon one or two or three concepts — and these concepts are very closely allied. The window dresser knows something about psychology. It is his business to study people’s mental attitudes.

“The minister has decided that he is going to have a crowded church on the morning of October third. Not the evening, but the morning. He must not wreck his scheme by permitting any other motive to get mixed into this process. The Sunday School superintendent is to be given to understand that his only relation to this campaign is to get behind it and boost. The Young People’s Society must keep out of the traffic. No other fact dare intrude itself here. The minister is going to have a crowd on the morning of Sunday, October third — and that’s all there is to it! No other causes need apply. Let us assume that the active membership of the congregation is lined up now and willing to do it honest best to make a success of this adventure. What next?”

[In response, Douglas assumes that his hypothetical minister has been compiling and organizing a list of prospective members, gleaned from conversations in the community. They now go to that list and identify names to contact for the upcoming sermon. (To be continued in my next post…)]

Wanted: A Congregation, Part 1c: First at Jerusalem

by Ronald R Johnson

From the first installment of Douglas’s series, “Wanted — A Congregation!” in the 8/5/1920 issue of The Christian Century.

[This is from Part 1 of Lloyd C. Douglas, “Wanted — A Congregation!” This first installment was in the August 5, 1920, issue of The Christian Century. I am continuing where I left off in my most recent post. Douglas is talking about a minister who wants to enlarge his audience.]

“A very good place to begin this campaign of giving his gospel message a longer reach is among the faithful band that constitutes his present congregation. There is no reason why he should consider it a secret that his congregation is too small. Every member of it is quite as fully aware of that fact as he is himself. He need have no hesitancy about confiding to these good people his ambition to increase their number.

“What dreadfully poor psychologists some preachers are! How often they either candidly declare to their small congregations that ‘it is to be greatly regretted so few are out this morning,’ or hint the equivalent of that whine by some veiled allusion to the innumerable absentees, to the tune of a deep-fetched sigh. This is very poor advertising. The stranger who has put in an appearance for the first time that day surely has some justification for feeling that he was almost on the point of attaching himself to a lost cause.

“Let the minister leave off all his whimpering and endeavor to enlist the hopeful cooperation of his people in an attempt to secure a larger congregation. He will do well to take a solemn oath that never again will he commit the blunder of saying on Sunday morning, ‘If you only knew how depressing it is for a little handful to gather in this vasty place on Sunday evenings, you would come out and join us, surely!’ Yes — after an alluring advertisement like that — yes — surely (not). Where, oh where is his knowledge of human psychology who stands in his pulpit and begs his congregation to be more faithful in church attendance? No; one doesn’t get them that way.

“Our harassed friend is about to enter upon a campaign to recruit a congregation. He decides upon a favorable date for the opening of his bombardment. This date should be three or four weeks off, to give him time to plan the event with care. It should be a Sunday when natural conditions are friendly. Probably not on the twenty-second day of August.

“For the same reason that one should begin at Jerusalem before invading all Judea and Samaria and the uttermost parts of the earth, it is better to launch this campaign in a little group of a half dozen trusted men around a lunch table. Let the whole matter be pushed out into the open. The preacher is tired of ambling along at his present gait. He knows he can preach if he can find enough people willing to listen. On October third, he is going to look for a crowd! They must help him to that crowd!

“Then — by personal letter, by personal call, by frequent conferences with selected groups of men and women, this minister should commit his sworn friends to the task of bringing as many people with them to church on Sunday morning, October third, as they can possibly influence.”

[To be continued in my next post…]

Wanted: A Congregation, Part 1b: Pitiless Self-Search

by Ronald R Johnson

From the first installment of Douglas’s series, “Wanted — A Congregation!” in the 8/5/1920 issue of The Christian Century.

[This is from Part 1 of Lloyd C. Douglas, “Wanted — A Congregation!” This first installment was in the August 5, 1920, issue of The Christian Century. I am continuing where I left off in my most recent post. Douglas is talking about a minister with a big church building but a small congregation.]

“PITILESS SELF-SEARCH

“Instead of planning a series of sad sermons on the decline of faith as exhibited by this generation, wherewith to increase the depression of the remnant that is still left to him, this perplexed brother could do no better thing than attempt a critical examination of his case, in the solitude of his own study. Let him take stock of his own resources. He should ask himself whether he is entirely convinced that the public needs what he has to offer. If he is assured of that, let him ask himself if he really has it in him to hold and interest a crowd were he to contrive the means to find access to a crowd. If confident of that, he should investigate the possible or probable reasons for his failure to achieve a satisfactory hearing.

“Perhaps the public does not know what it is missing by its refusal to listen when he talks. Do not smile. This is not intended as an ironical slap at our discouraged friend. Many a potentially excellent preacher is hacking away, Sunday by Sunday, at a heart-breaking task who, with a little encouragement in the form of a large and alert audience, would surprise himself and his best friends by the sudden release of a volume of unsuspected pulpit power! In many cases, these latent geniuses lack a proper hearing simply because they are undeveloped. They are undeveloped because they are unknown. The problem, for them, would be fully solved if only they were able to sense the tug of that strong undertow which accompanies the tidal wave of magnetism flowing from a densely packed crowd.

“It is the purpose of this writing to suggest a few of the processes by which a preacher who really thinks he has a message may win an audience of sufficient size to waken his slumbering genius. Stated with the utmost brevity, and in a phrase that will doubtless pull the very house down about our ears — what this man’s pulpit needs is advertisement! The public must be let into the secret that here is a preacher who claims the right to attention.”

[To be continued in my next post…]

Wanted: A Congregation, Part 1a: What Ails the Pulpit?

by Ronald R Johnson

From the first installment of Douglas’s series, “Wanted — A Congregation!” in the 8/5/1920 issue of The Christian Century.

Over the next few weeks, I’ll be sharing excerpts from a series of articles Douglas published in The Christian Century in the summer/fall of 1920 under the heading, “Wanted—A Congregation!” (The Christian Century holds the copyright to these essays.) The first of these articles appeared in the August 5, 1920, issue. After a brief introduction in which he mentions John Spargo (and by so doing, reminds readers why Douglas’s name is familiar to them — because he participated in that debate), he launches into his subject:

“WHAT AILS THE PULPIT?

“Every denomination is learning, through its leaders, that the problem of recruiting its ministry is fast becoming acute. The obvious reason for this failure to entice a sufficient number of capable young men to espouse our profession, resides in the fact that there is too much restlessness in our ranks to warrant an ambitious youth in risking his future with an institution whose present employees seem so discontented. If the youth is still unconvinced that this is the case, after reading in the secular press and the religious journals that ministers, in increasing numbers, are trading their pulpits for secretaryships in philanthropic organizations, he need only attend any one of the host of churches where the pulpit is dolefully lamenting the godlessness of this generation and its indifference to Christian duties.

“When the influence of the pulpit grows feeble, and its drawing power enervated, what is the trouble? Is the generation so much to blame? Why should we not look this matter squarely in the face? Who are the dissatisfied preachers? Are they men who habitually face large congregations on Sundays? No; they are men who have lost interest in their pulpits because they are unable to gain a satisfactory hearing. This is a very real problem, and if there is any way to solve it, let the remedy be brought forward without delay.

“No preacher can be expected to invest his finest energies in the preparation of his sermons unless he has an audience in his mind’s eye while he works. If, on Tuesday morning as he settles to his task of planning next Sunday morning’s discourse, he is able only to visualize a congregation of one hundred and fifty people scattered lonesomely over an auditorium built to accommodate six hundred, that fact alone is sufficient to benumb his creative faculties and throttle whatever genius there is within him.

“If he knew to a moral certainty, as he begins to lay out the blueprints for that sermon, that he was to deliver it to a crowded church — to face a compact, alert, shoulder-to-shoulder congregation filling every available seat in the auditorium — he would attack his job with the fine enthusiasm of an artist engaged upon his magnum opus. What he needs to fire his genius is the consciousness of a strong demand for his message. He needs the lift, and drive, and tug of a crowd! His problem is simple enough. Wanted — a congregation!

“Now, this suggestion is going to be riddled to frazzled tatters. I think I can hear the clickity-clack-clack now, of vehement typewriters tapping out the good old warning to beware the seductive temptation to attract crowds. We shall be reminded yet again that the unworthy brother who pats his vanity because he has contrived to pack his church by the bizarre announcement of some sensational theme should indulge himself a sackcloth-and-ashes hour of penitence in which he recalls that a large multitude of people can be collected by a pair of incompatible dogs in the street, or a clown with a monkey on a strap.

“Of course, this is very depressing, and quite enough to make any man thoroughly ashamed of himself who preaches on Sundays in a packed church. To ease his discomfort, however, he can remember that when the crowds that thronged about the Lord grew so congested that the people actually trampled upon one another, the speaker is not reported as having been ashamed. The tug that they made at his great heart was almost more than he could bear, as he viewed with compassion that multitude which reminded him, more than anything else, of sheep — a shepherdless sheep.

“Whoever is ambitious to follow in the footsteps of the Man of Galilee should never speak contemptuously of a crowd! Doubtless there are charlatans to whom a warning might be beneficial. Undeniably there are quacks whose brief vogue has been worn unworthily. But — if a church with a consistency justifying the upkeep of a public auditorium seating six hundred people is unable to draw more than twenty-five percent of that number to the major event of the week, there is something the matter; and the manager of the institution may well inquire of himself whether it is in his power to remedy [the situation].”

[To be continued in my next post…]

Summer 1920 and The Christian Century

by Ronald R Johnson

The cover of the August 5, 1920, issue of The Christian Century.

I’ve told you before that Douglas debuted with The Christian Century by entering an essay contest. John Spargo’s article, “The Futility of Preaching,” was the subject, and a number of ministers responded to the editor’s call for rebuttals. Douglas was one of them. Through his essay, “Preaching and the Average Preacher,” Douglas demonstrated a style all his own, and the editor, Charles Clayton Morrison invited him to submit more of his writing to the Century. In fact, he urged Douglas to do it right away, while readers still remembered his name.

Douglas did better than that: he submitted a series of articles, and he framed them as a longer, more in-depth response to Spargo’s criticisms. He called the series, “Wanted — A Congregation!” In this series, he offered advice about how one might preach in such a way that people would flock to the church (as his own parishioners had been doing for the past five years at the First Congregational Church of Ann Arbor, adjacent to the University of Michigan). Douglas had a dynamic personality and was especially powerful in the pulpit and at the typewriter, but in this series of articles he claimed that others could learn from his successes (and failures).

It may seem astounding that Douglas could have responded to Morrison’s invitation so quickly and voluminously, but this series was based on a book he had already written more than a year earlier. In January 1919, Douglas sent a manuscript of the book The Mendicant to the Doran Company. George Doran liked the style of Douglas’s writing but wanted the book to be more religious than it actually was. Douglas didn’t take Doran’s advice, and the manuscript sat in his file cabinet, waiting for the right opportunity to try again.

Douglas recognized Morrison’s invitation as that opportunity. Although The Mendicant was written as a series of dialogues, Douglas took the information that was in his manuscript and rewrote it as a series of essays. Over the next few weeks, I will share excerpts from those essays.

A Sermon in Search of a Title

by Ronald R Johnson

Title page of “Sermon,” preached by Lloyd C Douglas at the First Congregational Church of Ann Arbor on 1/4/1920. In Sermons [5], Box 3, Lloyd C. Douglas Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. © University of Michigan.

One of the vexing problems in a busy pastor’s life is the necessity of giving the church secretary the title of a sermon long before it has actually been written. If the people are to be given a “bulletin” or “program” for the church service, it has to be printed, and the printer has to fit it into his schedule. Sometimes it’s done in-house, but not always; and even when it’s an inside job, the printer usually isn’t available at the last minute, late on Saturday night. And when the sermon is advertised in the local newspapers or on the announcement board outside, the title may be needed a week or more in advance.

That’s the problem Lloyd Douglas faced as the new year, 1920, began. His sermon on January 4 was titled, “Sermon.”

As he explained to his congregation, “I spent considerable time last week trying to find a name for this sermon. Once I thought of announcing that I would preach this morning to ‘Women Without Maids’; which idea was promptly rejected when I reflected that the discourse was of no less interest to me. I then half-decided to call it ‘The Proper Way to Wash Dishes,’ which sounded clap-trap. And while I debated the question, the bulletin went to press without an announcement of the topic — no very serious matter, I suppose, and hardly worth mentioning except that it furnishes me an introduction for what I am going to be saying today.”

This is just a brief word of encouragement to all you busy people out there: it happens to the best of us, at least occasionally. And when it does, the best thing to do is to admit it, perhaps with a touch of humor, and just keep going.

Ann Arbor, Fall Semester, 1919

by Ronald R Johnson

First Congregational Church of Ann Arbor circa 1917. In LCD’s 1917 Scrapbook, Box 5, Lloyd C Douglas Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. © University of Michigan.

Over the next several weeks, I will be using Frieda Diekhoff’s collection of Lloyd Douglas’s sermons to reconstruct his preaching during the 1919-1920 school year at the University of Michigan. If you want to imagine the scene, the first ingredient you’ll need to include is excitement. By all accounts, Douglas’s sermons attracted enthusiastic audiences – so much so, that latecomers were often turned away for lack of seating.

Lionel Crocker was a graduate student at the time. He remembered years later that Douglas “was the leading preacher in Ann Arbor when I was studying and teaching at the University of Michigan…. I, like hundreds of others, had to be in my pew at ten o’clock for a 10:30 service” (“Preaching Through the Novel,” Classmate, March 9, 1947, p. 3).

The congregation was composed of professors and administrators from the university, as well as businesspeople from Ann Arbor. Douglas appealed to both “town” and “gown.” But the balcony was reserved for students, and it was always filled to capacity. As I mentioned in previous posts, Douglas was in charge of the YMCA at the University of Illinois before coming to Ann Arbor, so he was popular with students. But he never talked down to them. His sermons were geared to the level of educated audiences – of all ages.

It’s the beginning of a new school year, and a new season of football at the University of Michigan. The Great War (which we, with a larger historical perspective, call the First World War) is in the recent past. It’s in the back of our minds, but quickly receding. Two years earlier, everyone was walking around in a grim mood, but not now. Life is good again. Although it’s too early for people to say so, the Roaring Twenties are about to begin.

The music at this church is excellent. Earl V. Moore is the organist and choir director. He will soon become the head of the Music Department at the university, but for now he is the university organist and Douglas’s prize catch. Although people come primarily to hear Douglas preach, they also come for the music.

Here is a description by Calvin O. Davis, Professor of Education, in A History of the Congregational Church in Ann Arbor, 1847-1947, published by the church circa 1947, pp. 60-61:

“Dr. Douglas was one of the most scintillating and brilliant ministers ever to occupy our pulpit. To many individuals he was a platform orator. Facile in speech, powerful in imagery, dramatic in delivery, and quick to utilize a pithy saying or a humorous anecdote in order to emphasize a point in his sermon, he made a tremendous appeal to young and old alike, particularly to many university students. Within a short time the auditorium of the church was filled to overflowing every Sunday morning – scores, if not hundreds, of persons often being turned away from the doors by ushers because there was not an available seat left in the building.

“Dr. Douglas was accustomed to use notes in the delivery of his sermons but rarely, if ever, did he read directly from his manuscript. His aesthetic nature was peculiarly sensitive and expressive, especially in his recital of poetry, his description of art pieces, and his appreciation of music. At times his audience would spontaneously laugh aloud at some unexpected descriptive phrase or witty saying.”

But Professor Davis didn’t gloss over the negatives: “To some he seemed not deeply spiritual – more of a lecturer and entertainer than a preacher and religious inspirer. Some withdrew from the church on that account; others stayed but criticized. Certainly the religious influence he exerted through the publication of his many books since leaving Ann Arbor is proof of the spiritual leadership he possessed. It is true his theological views were broad and liberal and he gave only slight emphasis to creeds, but to the thousands who came in contact with him either on Sunday mornings or at other times he was a genuine inspiration.”

But what did he say in those sermons? That’s the question I’ll be answering in detail over the next several weeks.

Lloyd C Douglas, Contestant

by Ronald R Johnson (www.ronaldrjohnson.com)

I’ve been telling you about the essay contest that Lloyd Douglas entered at The Christian Century during the Spring/Summer of 1920. The contest was prompted by John Spargo’s article, “The Futility of Preaching,” published May 20, 1920, in the Century.

Douglas’s response, “Preaching and the ‘Average Preacher'” was published anonymously, along with the essays of five other contestants, on July 1, 1920. The issue included a ballot for readers to choose the three best essays.

From the July 1st, 1920, issue of The Christian Century, p. 28. Available online at The Online Books Page.

Meanwhile, the Century’s editor, Charles Clayton Morrison, asked John Spargo to read the six anonymous essays and write a follow-up article in response. Spargo’s reply was published in the July 22nd issue. Notice how Morrison took a single submission (Spargo’s initial article published May 20th) and kept his readers interested in that one article all the way through July and beyond. He paired this with an advertising campaign that told potential readers what was happening. It was this kind of maneuvering that made the Century grow into a successful magazine.

For the most part, Spargo’s reply was general, telling his readers more about himself and his views. He only got angry at one of the contestants. Guess who!

Of course, in this discussion, as in every other, we have the quibbler who is less concerned to establish the essential truth than to score debating points. Shall I confess that I was amused by the sophomoric intensity of one of the writers in his attempt to demonstrate that my use of the term ‘average preacher’ was unscientific and an evidence of the fact that my views were not entitled to serious consideration?

John Spargo, “More about Preaching and the Ministry,” The Christian Century, July 22, 1920.

Amused? I don’t think so. His irritation is clearly displayed in his next remarks:

Of course, this is the characteristic spirit of the Medieval schoolmen that made theology such a terrible incubus upon religion. In the practical affairs of life, this good brother, not animated by sectarian dogmatism or pride, would not think of invoking such a rule. If his neighbor declared the day to be an ‘average’ one, he would not demand that the statement be accompanied by a statistical analysis of the meteorological records. Similarly, if a brother minister declared that he had a good ‘average’ congregation, the writer in question would not think of demanding verification of the statement in statistical terms. I emphasize my reference to this quite incidental and essentially irrelevant criticism because it illustrates the vicious narrowness of a mind fostered by ecclesiasticism. The plain, forthright speech and straight and direct thinking characteristic of honest men in their ordinary intercourse and business relations do not suit a certain familiar type of theologian or an equally familiar type of ecclesiastic.

Ibid

Ouch! He’s right, up to a point: his use of the term “average minister” wasn’t as important as Douglas made it out to be, and Douglas did use it to “score debating points.” But this wasn’t Douglas at his best. On any other occasion, Lloyd Douglas was nothing like the Medieval schoolmen, nor was he guilty of “the narrowness of mind fostered by ecclesiasticism.” It’s unfortunate that these two gifted men were pitted against each other so that it was practically impossible for them to appreciate each other’s talents.

Meanwhile, readers were now encouraged to await the results of the vote, in which they would discover exactly how many “debating points” each of the anonymous contestants had won.

To be continued…

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